- ancient = old
- art exhibition = room or building in which you can see paintings by artists
- aspect = way
- attraction = something interesting to see
- attractive = liked by many people
- authorities = the organizations that control and run a city
- care for = here: to do things for the residents
- characteristic = very typical of something
- charge = collect money
- citizen = a person who lives in a city or country and has rights there
- consist of = made up of
- craftsman, craftworker = a skilled worker in a job that involves making things with your hands
- crime rate = number of crimes that are committed for every 100,000 people
- crop = a plant like wheat or rice that is grown by farmers and sold as food
- crowded = many people in a small area
- department store = a large store that is divided into many sections; each section sells something else
- developing country = country that is changing its economy from farming to industries and services
- discover = to find something new
- disease = illness
- distance = space from one place to another
- drug addiction = if you have to take drugs regularly without stopping
- due to = because of
- dump = get rid of; throw away
- electricity = the power that is in wires and cables and which is used to make things work
- emerge = come up
- especially = above all
- expand = grow; get bigger
- factory = building in which people produce goods with machines
- fee = small amount of money that you pay for a service
- flat = apartment
- focus on = to be in the spotlight; concentrate on
- gap = difference
- garbage = waste
- goldsmith = someone who makes or sells things made of gold
- Gothic = building style with sharp tall towers
- government = the people who rule a city or country
- growth = increase, when something gets bigger
- guild = organization of people who have the same jobs
- harbour = place where ships stay when they load or unload goods
- housing = the houses that people live in and in which condition they are
- include = to be a part of something
- increasingly = more and more
- infrastructure = the basic systems that a country or city need to function, like transport or communication
- inhabitant = person who lives in a place
- lack = not have enough of
- landfill = place where waste is buried under the ground
- mayor = the highest official in a city, the person in charge of a city
- medieval = about the Middle Ages
- Mediterranean = region between Europe and Africa
- merchant = person who buys and sells things
- Mesopotamia = area in Western Asia around the River Tigris and the River Euphrates in Iraq, where, in ancient times, the world’s first cities were built
- metropolitan = belonging to and about a city
- migrate = to go to another country to live or find work there
- mill = factory that produces material like cotton, cloth, or paper
- multiethnic = full of people from different countries
- newcomer = someone who has just arrived
- occupy = here: take up
- offer = give
- opportunity = chance
- outcast = someone who is not accepted by other people, outsider
- owner = person who something belongs to
- pleasure = happiness, satisfaction
- police force = the police organization of a city
- pollute = to make dirty
- population = all the people who live in a certain place
- poverty = the situation of being poor
- prehistoric = ancient, old
- previous = some time ago
- profit = income, money you earn
- protect = defend, keep safe
- provide = give
- public transportation = buses, trains, subways that are here for everyone to use
- public = open to everybody
- raise animals = feed animals so that you can sell their milk or meat
- reach = to go from one place to another
- rebuild = build again
- reduce = make lower
- relax = rest
- resident = a person who lives in a city or town
- residential area = part of town where only people live; there are no factories or offices
- run-down = in very bad condition
- rush hour = time of day when lots of cars travel; buses and trains are full because many people are travelling to work
- rust = reddish-brown material that forms when steel or iron gets wet
- sanitation = to remove waste and make dirty water clean again
- servant = person who works in the household
- services = special help or work
- settle = to start living in a place
- sewage system = waste and used water that a house produces ; it is transported away in pipes under the ground
- shopping mall = shopping centre with many types of stores
- skilled = to be able to do special work
- skyscraper = very tall and modern building
- slave = someone who is owned by another person and works for them for little or no money
- slum = a house or an area of a city that is in very bad condition, where very poor people live
- soldier = a person who goes to war for their country
- spread = to move from one place to another
- suburb = area far away from the city centre where many people live
- surrounding = near or around an object
- tailor = a person who makes clothes so that they fit a person perfectly
- tear down = destroy
- temple = a building where people go to pray
- term = word, phrase
- terraced house = a house which is part of a row of houses joined together
- trade = to buy and sell things
- traffic jam = long line of cars on a road that cannot move or move very slowly
- urban = city-like
- variety = many different …
- vehicle = machine with an engine that transports people or things
- village = a very small town in the countryside
- wage = the money someone gets for a job
- warehouse = large building where many products are stored
- waste = unwanted materials that people throw away after they have used them
- wealthy = rich